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[Phylo]

• The historical Jesus was not white.

There is no physical description of him in the Bible, but scholars agree he would have looked like a typical Middle Eastern Jew of the 1st century. Based on historical context:

• He would have had olive or brown skin, dark hair, and brown eyes.
• He likely had a beard and short hair, in accordance with Jewish customs of the time.

The common image of a white, European-looking Jesus is a result of centuries of Western art and culture adapting his image to fit their own context, rather than reflecting historical reality.

 

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[Phylo]

Free : Sometimes its successful - sometimes its not.

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[Phylo]

 

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[Phylo]

source: Perplexity

The “Troubles” were a roughly 30‑year period of violent conflict in Northern Ireland (late 1960s–1998) between mainly Catholic Irish nationalists/republicans (who wanted a united Ireland) and mainly Protestant unionists/loyalists (who wanted to stay in the UK), with British and Irish governments also heavily involved.wikipedia+2

What the conflict was about

1. Northern Ireland was created in 1921 as part of the UK, with a Protestant/unionist majority and a large Catholic/nationalist minority.study
2. Nationalists/republicans (mostly Catholic) generally wanted Northern Ireland to leave the UK and join the Republic of Ireland.wikipedia
3. Unionists/loyalists (mostly Protestant) wanted to remain in the United Kingdom and saw themselves as British.wikipedia
4. Discrimination against Catholics in housing, jobs, and voting (especially under the long‑ruling unionist government at Stormont) helped spark a civil rights movement in the late 1960s, which escalated into widespread violence.bbc+1

Key dates and turning points

1. 1968–69: Civil rights marches by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) are met with police violence and sectarian riots; British troops are sent in August 1969 to restore order.irishtimes+1
2. 1971: Internment (detention without trial) of suspected IRA members begins, inflaming tensions; the first British soldier is killed by the IRA in February 1971.reuters+1
3. 30 January 1972 – “Bloody Sunday”: British soldiers shoot dead 13 civilians (a 14th died later) at a civil rights march in Derry/Londonderry, massively increasing support for the IRA and international condemnation.reuters+1
4. March 1972: The Northern Ireland government at Stormont is suspended; “direct rule” from Westminster begins and lasts, with brief breaks, for much of the Troubles.telegraph.co
5. 1972–1990s: A campaign of bombings and shootings by republican paramilitaries (especially the Provisional IRA) and retaliatory attacks by loyalist paramilitaries (UVF, UDA, etc.), alongside operations by British security forces. Major incidents include:
   
   1. July 1972 – “Bloody Friday”: IRA set off 22 bombs in Belfast in 75 minutes, killing 9.reuters
   2. 1974: Dublin and Monaghan bombings (33 killed) and Birmingham pub bombings (21 killed).reuters
   3. 1979: Assassination of Lord Mountbatten and the Warrenpoint attack (18 British soldiers killed).reuters
   4. 1980s–early 1990s: Continued attacks in Northern Ireland and mainland Britain, including the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing targeting the UK government.reuters
   
   
6. 1985: Anglo‑Irish Agreement gives the Republic of Ireland a formal consultative role in Northern Ireland affairs, angering unionists but strengthening Dublin–London cooperation.tnsr
7. 1994: IRA and loyalist paramilitaries declare ceasefires, opening space for all‑party talks.reuters+1
8. 10 April 1998 – Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement: A peace deal is signed by the British and Irish governments and most Northern Ireland parties, creating a power‑sharing assembly, cross‑border bodies, and mechanisms for decommissioning weapons and prisoner release. This is widely seen as the end of the Troubles.wikipedia+4

Main political parties and governments In Northern Ireland

1. Unionist (pro‑UK) parties
   1. Ulster Unionist Party (UUP): The dominant unionist party from 1921 until the 1970s; led by David Trimble during the peace process and a key signatory to the Good Friday Agreement.bbc+2
   2. Democratic Unionist Party (DUP): Harder‑line unionist party founded by Ian Paisley; initially refused to negotiate with “terrorists” but later engaged strategically and eventually entered power‑sharing.cain.ulster+1
   3. Smaller loyalist‑linked parties: Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) and Ulster Democratic Party (UDP), associated with loyalist paramilitaries.cain.ulster
   
   
2. Nationalist / republican (pro‑united Ireland) parties
   1. Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP): Moderate, constitutional nationalist party founded by John Hume; central to the civil rights movement and the peace process.bbc+2
   2. Sinn Féin: Political wing associated with the IRA and broader republicanism; led by Gerry Adams, it was brought into negotiations and became a key signatory to the 1998 Agreement.cain.ulster+2
3. Other parties
   1. Alliance Party: Non‑sectarian, centrist party appealing to both communities.cain.ulster+1
   2. Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition: Small cross‑community party formed in 1996 that played a notable role in the talks.cain.ulst

UK and Irish governments

1. United Kingdom:
   1. The UK government at Westminster took over direct rule in 1972 and controlled security and major policy throughout most of the Troubles, with different Conservative and Labour administrations in London.telegraph.co
   2. British security forces (British Army, Royal Ulster Constabulary) were central actors on the ground.wikipedi
2. Republic of Ireland:
   1. Successive Irish governments in Dublin (coalitions of Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, Labour, etc.) were involved diplomatically and, after 1985, formally through the Anglo‑Irish Agreement and later the peace process.tnsr
   2. The 1998 Good Friday Agreement was an international treaty between the UK and Irish governments and the Northern Ireland parties, creating the framework for power‑sharing and cross‑border cooperation.cain.ulster+

Who fought whom?

1. Irish republican paramilitaries (e.g. Provisional IRA, INLA) targeted British security forces, unionist politicians, and economic infrastructure, and also carried out attacks in mainland Britain.reuters+1
2. Ulster loyalist paramilitaries (e.g. UVF, UDA) targeted Catholic civilians and republican activists, often in reprisal.reuters+1
3. British state forces (Army, RUC) conducted security operations, arrests, and sometimes lethal force, most controversially on Bloody Sunday.wikipedia+1
4. Overall, more than 3,500 people were killed and tens of thousands injured between the late 1960s and 1998.

 

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