Is it correct to say that Fortran is not really used outside of science/engineering circles?
Tradestations EasyLanguage is actually based on Fortran. It seems like a fairly straightforward though.
In this day and age, I'd personally avoid Java - it's old & tired and not moving forward in the leaps that C# is.
C# is simply amazing, although old programmers like me do have a bit of a time learning OO concepts if they haven't used them before. C# is the most complete language I have ever seen in terms of having all the supporting tools pretty much built in (debugger, IDE, source control, multilingual, UI controls etc).
I've done large projects with both Java and C# and C# wins hands down in terms of getting through the project life cycle on large projoects.
As for C/C++ - I've used it only for developing higher level programming languages, I led teams doing this but didn't program C myself. The C++ programmers I spoke to basically put me off learning it.
Stuff like Javascript & some of the server side scripting tools such as PHP are lacking in the supporting tools - so the part of a project when you are keying in lines of code is fine but what about good walthrough debuggers, source control, multilingual, distribution tools ? these have a serious impact on delivery time in my opinion.
I have to say the nastiesr language I worked on was PL/1 - a mainframe programming language which we used with a hierarchical database called DL/1 and you needed to write 'job cards' to execute any program - a royal pain in the ass.
C# wins it for me hands down.